6 research outputs found
A survey of low-velocity collisional features in Saturn's F ring
Small (~50km scale), irregular features seen in Cassini images to be
emanating from Saturn's F ring have been termed mini-jets by Attree et al.
(2012). One particular mini-jet was tracked over half an orbital period,
revealing its evolution with time and suggesting a collision with a local
moonlet as its origin. In addition to these data we present here a much more
detailed analysis of the full catalogue of over 800 F ring mini-jets, examining
their distribution, morphology and lifetimes in order to place constraints on
the underlying moonlet population. We find mini-jets randomly located in
longitude around the ring, with little correlation to the moon Prometheus, and
randomly distributed in time, over the full Cassini tour to date. They have a
tendency to cluster together, forming complicated `multiple' structures, and
have typical lifetimes of ~1d. Repeated observations of some features show
significant evolution, including the creation of new mini-jets, implying
repeated collisions by the same object. This suggests a population of <~1km
radius objects with some internal strength and orbits spread over 100km in
semi-major axis relative to the F ring but with the majority within 20km. These
objects likely formed in the ring under, and were subsequently scattered onto
differing orbits by, the perturbing action of Prometheus. This reinforces the
idea of the F ring as a region with a complex balance between collisions,
disruption and accretion.Comment: 21 pages, 12 figures. Accepted for publication in Icarus.
Supplementary information available at
http://www.maths.qmul.ac.uk/~attree/mini-jets
The discovery and dynamical evolution of an object at the outer edge of Saturn's A ring
This work was supported by the Science and Technology Facilities Council (Grant No. ST/F007566/1) and we are grateful to them for financial assistance. C.D.M. is also grateful to the Leverhulme Trust for the award of a Research Fellowshippublisher PDF not permitted, withdraw
The Re-Establishment of Desiccation Tolerance in Germinated Arabidopsis thaliana Seeds and Its Associated Transcriptome
The combination of robust physiological models with “omics” studies holds promise for the discovery of genes and pathways linked to how organisms deal with drying. Here we used a transcriptomics approach in combination with an in vivo physiological model of re-establishment of desiccation tolerance (DT) in Arabidopsis thaliana seeds. We show that the incubation of desiccation sensitive (DS) germinated Arabidopsis seeds in a polyethylene glycol (PEG) solution re-induces the mechanisms necessary for expression of DT. Based on a SNP-tile array gene expression profile, our data indicates that the re-establishment of DT, in this system, is related to a programmed reversion from a metabolic active to a quiescent state similar to prior to germination. Our findings show that transcripts of germinated seeds after the PEG-treatment are dominated by those encoding LEA, seed storage and dormancy related proteins. On the other hand, a massive repression of genes belonging to many other classes such as photosynthesis, cell wall modification and energy metabolism occurs in parallel. Furthermore, comparison with a similar system for Medicago truncatula reveals a significant overlap between the two transcriptomes. Such overlap may highlight core mechanisms and key regulators of the trait DT. Taking into account the availability of the many genetic and molecular resources for Arabidopsis, the described system may prove useful for unraveling DT in higher plants
Cassini UVIS solar occultations by Saturn’s F ring and the detection of collision-produced micron-sized dust
We present an analysis of eleven solar occultations by Saturn’s F ring observed by the Ultraviolet Imaging Spectrograph (UVIS) on the Cassini spacecraft. In four of the solar occultations we detect an unambiguous signal from diffracted sunlight that adds to the direct solar signal just before or after the occultations occur. The strongest detection was a 10% increase over the direct signal that was enabled by the accidental misalignment of the instrument’s pointing. We compare the UVIS data with images of the F ring obtained by the Cassini Imaging Science Subsystem (ISS) and find that in each instance of an unambiguous diffraction signature in the UVIS data, the ISS data shows that there was a recent disturbance in that region of the F ring. Similarly, the ISS images show a quiescent region of the F ring for all solar occultations in which no diffraction signature was detected. We therefore conclude that collisions in the F ring produce a population of small ring particles that can produce a detectable diffraction signal immediately interior or exterior to the F ring. The clearest example of this connection comes from the strong detection of diffracted light in the 2007 solar occultation, when the portion of the F ring that occulted the Sun had suffered a large collisional event, likely with S/2004 S 6, several months prior. This collision was observed in a series of ISS images (Murray et al., 2008). Our spectral analysis of the data shows no significant spectral features in the F ring, indicating that the particles must be at least 0.2 µm in radius. We apply a forward model of the solar occultations, accounting for the effects of diffracted light and the attenuated direct solar signal, to model the observed solar occultation light curves. These models constrain the optical depth, radial width, and particle size distribution of the F ring. We find that when the diffraction signature is present, we can best reproduce the occultation data using a particle population with an average effective particle size of less than 300 µm, while occultations without clear diffraction signals are best modeled using a population with an effective particle size larger than 400 µm
Cassini Uvis Solar Occultations By Saturn\u27S F Ring And The Detection Of Collision-Produced Micron-Sized Dust
We present an analysis of eleven solar occultations by Saturn\u27s F ring observed by the Ultraviolet Imaging Spectrograph (UVIS) on the Cassini spacecraft. In four of the solar occultations we detect an unambiguous signal from diffracted sunlight that adds to the direct solar signal just before or after the occultations occur. The strongest detection was a 10% increase over the direct signal that was enabled by the accidental misalignment of the instrument\u27s pointing. We compare the UVIS data with images of the F ring obtained by the Cassini Imaging Science Subsystem (ISS) and find that in each instance of an unambiguous diffraction signature in the UVIS data, the ISS data shows that there was a recent disturbance in that region of the F ring. Similarly, the ISS images show a quiescent region of the F ring for all solar occultations in which no diffraction signature was detected. We therefore conclude that collisions in the F ring produce a population of small ring particles that can produce a detectable diffraction signal immediately interior or exterior to the F ring. The clearest example of this connection comes from the strong detection of diffracted light in the 2007 solar occultation, when the portion of the F ring that occulted the Sun had suffered a large collisional event, likely with S/2004 S 6, several months prior. This collision was observed in a series of ISS images (Murray et al., 2008). Our spectral analysis of the data shows no significant spectral features in the F ring, indicating that the particles must be at least 0.2 µm in radius. We apply a forward model of the solar occultations, accounting for the effects of diffracted light and the attenuated direct solar signal, to model the observed solar occultation light curves. These models constrain the optical depth, radial width, and particle size distribution of the F ring. We find that when the diffraction signature is present, we can best reproduce the occultation data using a particle population with an average effective particle size of less than 300 µm, while occultations without clear diffraction signals are best modeled using a population with an effective particle size larger than 400 µm